Countless buildings in many cities across the globe, both large and small, are built on expansive soils. Building and Road Research Institute. Indian Standard IS:1498 (1970). However, some areas are underlain by soils which have been transported by wind, water or ice. J Eng Geol 17(27):139140, Fattah MY, Rahil FH, Al-Soudany KYH (2013) Improvement of clayey soil using rice husk ash. on Lime Stabilization, Thomas Telford, London, pp 512, IS: 2720 (Part 10)-1973. The name chlorite comes from the Greek word for green, its typical color. Doors and windows may not function like they once did while furnace or plumbing piping could even be bent as a result of soils expanding and contracting. Effect of fly ash on strength and swelling aspect of an expansive soil., https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expansive_clay&oldid=1100442329, This page was last edited on 25 July 2022, at 23:32. Non-consideration of the current oedometer parameters can be thought of as a minor limitation that can be helpful. Five hours after the beginning of the test, the upward vertical displacement equals 0.22mm (Figure 15B). This could be risky for users. (1989). In North of Tunisia, several projects are in progress where expansive clays exist from the ground surface and extend to deep layers. (2012). Expansive soils are present throughout the world and are known in every US state. When large amounts of water is held by a soil it can lead to an increase in volume which can produce expansive forces. Table 5 illustrates the vertical displacements and the final stress levels for both cases. Learn more. Mahamedi, A., and Khemissa, M. (2013). The best way to conclude if soil is expansive is through site specific laboratory testing. (reaffirmed 1987). Damage Mechanism of Expansive Soils. in Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE10, Tunisia, 125131. In some societies, the title of king may be limited to hereditary succession, while in others, non-hereditary appointment is permitted. Engineering Properties of an Expansive Soil, in Proceeding of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, 199202. Data insufficient to indicate the clay content or the swelling potential of soils. The novelty of the present study relies on adopting a different analysis, as compared to existing methods, based on oedometer data, especially the compression and swelling indices. Cc:Compression index; Cs: Swelling index; : unit mass; : stress; f: final applied stress level; s: swelling pressure; :deformation; l: thickness of the expansive clay; l: upward swelling displacement; HG: thickness of granular material layer; HS: thickness of expansive clay layer; D: dimension; ENIT: National Engineering School of Tunis; UTM: University of Tunis El Manar. After fitting, non-soil pixels (marked in a . The existence of swelling soils can lead to slope instability, a differential heave buckling of pavement, a differential settlement of roads or railways, retaining walls buckling (Figures 3A,B), tunnels collapsing, and damages to retaining walls. It was observed that UCS of Lime treatment is approximately 3 times higher than that of RHA treatment. Expansive soils behave differently from other normal soils due to their tendency to swell and shrink. In a typical year in the United States, they cause a greater financial . Civ. Cas pathologiques de deux btiments lENIT. This pressure can be as great as5,000pounds per foot. On the other hand, when expansive soils dry out, they decrease in volume and shrink. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Holtz, R. D., Kovacs, W. D., and Sheahan, T. C. (2011). Does Homeowners Insurance Cover Expansive Soil Damage? Unreinforced concrete wall subjected to active pressures induced by expansive clays. Not all soils expand when wet but a number of fine grained clay minerals possess expansive qualities. Swelling or expansive clays increase in volume, while loessial collapsing soils decrease in volume when theirmoisture content increases under constant applied stress. Keywords: expansive clay, characterization, granular material, swelling pressure, mitigation, oedometer test, compression index, swelling index, Citation: Bouassida M, Manigniavy SA, Azaiez D and Bouassida Y (2022) New Approach for Characterization and Mitigation of the Swelling Phenomenon. J. See more. However, each of these approaches may This shrinkage canremovestructural support from a home or structure and result in damaging subsidence. Every year they cause billions of dollars in damage. This is due to the weakness of layer liaisons. Accessed March 19, 2015. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Expansive soils as used in . As shown in Figure 7B, the compression index Cc and the swelling index Cs are determined from the oedometer curve. Correspondence to 251404N, 1101048E), southern China, labeled as Soils 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Front. The validation of the suggested method of classification needs, first, the collection of a big number of oedometer data, for expansive and non-expansive soils from different case histories. Classification of expansive soils based on Cc/Cs ratio and swelling pressure. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0). An explanation of such behaviour might be the friction resistance induced between the sand particles. There is, then, a brief bibliographic review of the damage occasioned by expansive soils, with proposed methods for their classification and methods of mitigation of the swelling phenomena. Bulletin No. The damage done by expansive soils is then attributed to poor construction practices or a misconception that all buildings experience this type of damage as they age. Hence, finding methods to characterize this category of soil is crucial. Deformation in case 1: (1) = l(1) / l(1) = 0.54 / 19 = 0.028. 7, 754761. doi:10.3389/fbuil.2021.754761. Determination of free swell index of soils, Sivapullaiah PV, Sridharan A (2005) Mini compaction test apparatus for fine. It is possible to build successfully and safely on expansive soils if stable moisture content can be maintained or if the building can be insulated from any soil volume change that might occur. Soc. The volume increases (Figure 2A), then followed by the swelling of the clay. (Check out our5 Types of Residential Foundations Popular in America: A Brief Foundational Overview. (A) Free swellTime curve of case 1 (only expansive clay) under 0.25kPa. Kaling Taki . Eur. The map soil categories would not apply for these locations. Expansive soils can cause considerable damage to civil engineering structures and foundations. (A) Swelling pressure applied to a foundation in contact with an expansive clay layer. These soils are fine-grained clay minerals comprised of illites, kaolinites, or montmorillonites. ( en adjective ) Not expensive; inexpensive. For the study two types of soils have been incorporated, an expansive soil (ES): Bentonite, the soil is classied as a clay with high compressibility (CH) type and a non-expansive soil (NES): Kaolinite, the soil is classied as clay with low com-pressibility (CL) type. Some areas mitigate foundation cracking by watering around the foundation with a soaker hose during dry conditions. This property is commonly referred to as shrink-swell potential. This design, as shown in Figure 8A, was chosen because the load distribution (swelling pressure of soil) on the foundation is different to that on a granular layer, which is non-continuous loading (Figure 8B). Expansion and contraction with changes in moisture content limit expansive soils engineering uses without some sort of modification. Large cracks and fissures can also develop in the soil. Swelling Behavior of Soils, in Proceedings of the Golden Jubilee Indian Geotechnical Conference, Kochi, 229232. The important factor which influences the expansive soil is swelling pressure. Pedialyte (for after those hard nights when the other expansive soils soak up liqour like a sponge). This map was generalized for display on the web by Bradley Cole of Geology.com using a base map licensed from MapResources. He joined the team in early 2017 as a foundation inspector, but quickly transitioned towards a marketing role. Table 1 details those data as determined from oedometer tests preceded by the measurement of the swell pressure. This paper addressed the study of the classification and mitigation of expansive soils. (2016). Eng. Holtz, W. G., and Gibbs, H. J. Is sand an expansive soil? In this study, two distinct oedometer tests are proposed: only with expansive clay sample (Figure 9A), with expansive clays sample plus a granular layer (Figure 9B). Expansive clay is a clay soil that is prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) that are directly related to changes in water content. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Azam, S., Ito, M., and Chowdhury, R. (2013). Paper No. Whilst when the Cc/Cs<10, one should consider calculating the swelling pressure. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IIT Kharagpur. Medjnoun, A., Bahar, R., and Khiatine, M. (2014). From current oedometer test results carried out on expansive and non-expansive clays, the ratio of compression index (Cc) by the swelling index (Cs) was determined. It was observed that UCS of Lime treatment is approximately 3 times higher than that of RHA treatment. A threshold value of the ratio Cc/Cs was identified to distinguish between expansive clay specimens and non-expansive clay specimens. Furthermore, soil replacement, use of strong enough structures and structure isolation from the swelling clay are among the three most commonly used techniques (Kalantari, 2012). As ions are retained by clay particles in expansive soils (Figure 2B), there is a movement of water from low ionic concentration areas to high ionic concentration areas inside the clay. When treating soils with a lime-based reagent, the potential of the shrink / swell cycle is reduced, extending the life span of your pavement or building structure. Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. Google Scholar, Nalbantoglu, Z (2006) Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK, Basha EA, Hashim R, Mahmud HB, Muntohar AS (2004) Stabilization of residual soil with rice husk ash and cement. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Determination of liquid and plastic limit (second revision), IS: 2720 (Part 26)-1987. *Correspondence: Mounir Bouassida, mounir.bouassida@enit.utm.tn, Characterization of expansive soils and mitigation of swelling phenomena, View all University of Khartoum. Expansive clays have an expanding crystal lattice in a 2:1 ratio; however, there are 2:1 non-expansive clays. The procedure for success is as follows: Expert assistance is usually needed to do these things successfully. X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope tests were carried out to study the mineralogical and microstructural properties of the soil. Kaolinite is considered a pure clay because its composition is rather consistent. Foundation Engineering for Expansive Soils. The experiments have been conducted on the clayey soil samples were to determine physical and chemical properties. Kalantari, B. Over 50 percent of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of high swelling potential. Required fields are marked *. These fissures can facilitate the deep penetration of water when moist conditions or runoff occurs. 8:836277. doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2022.836277. The research results indicate that the soil in Gedebage is expansive soil that has very high swelling properties with a Plasticity Index (PI) value of 48.09%. of soil present and determine their expansive properties. 1 (1). Expansive soils alsoshrink, compress when they dry out. It also includes soils that have a clay mineral composition which can potentially cause damage. Based on oedometer curves, when the Cc/Cs ratio exceeds 10, the soil is concluded to be either non-swelling or its swelling potential is negligible. Now, expansive soils are referred to by names, including expanding soil, expansive clays, shrink-swell soils, and heavable soils. Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India, Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India, You can also search for this author in A reduction in deformation of 21.4% is observed, then, follows the decrease in the swelling pressure compared to the tested specimen case 1. When they take on water, they increase in volume. Simply put, expansive soils contract and are very hard when dry, then expand and are sticky when wet. Expansive soils generally contain some form of clay mineral that is able to absorb water and swell when wet then shrink when dry. On the presumed expansive clays specimens, oedometer tests are preceded by the free swelling test from which the swelling pressure is measured. Humping of a slab which has been caused by expansive soil is often accompanied by multiple cracks which may radiate from the center of the hump. Hence, the Tunisian Ministry of Equipment, building and infrastructures have made it a priority of special attention when designing foundations on expansive clays. As for mitigation, adequate methods to prevent the swell effect should be formulated. Without precautions, canals can be destroyed by foundations built on expansive clays (Elarabi, 2010). FIGURE 11. Fissures in the soil can also develop. A threshold value of the ratio C c /C s was identified to distinguish between expansive clay specimens and non-expansive clay specimens. Chemical Treatment of Expansive Soil by Different saline Solutions, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 341349. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Inexpensive adjective. Mitigation of the swelling phenomena can be attained by using a granular layer separation between the foundation and the swelling clay. Fun Facts with Brian Each year in the United States alone, expansive soils cause$2.3 billiondollars in damages to houses, roads, pipelines, and other structures. Non-expansive clays do exist, however. Journal of Research and Reviews in applied Science 1:209217, Dash SK, Hussain M (2012) Lime Stabilization of Soils: Reappraisal. Reservoir Formation Damage 2016, 77125.