The original caption, she says, reads: Here, Margaret is shown standing beside listings of the software developed by her and the team she was in charge of, the LM [lunar module] and CM [command module] on-board flight software team.. Zack, Suzanne. She lived in Manhattan for most of her adult life, and summered in a cottage on Cape Island, Southport, Maine. Early life [ edit] A kindergarten teacher in her native Cleveland, Margaret Hamilton began her acting career there in community theatre and with the prestigious Cleveland Playhouse. [10] She says her poet father and headmaster grandfather inspired her to include a minor in philosophy in her studies. But a software incident almost derailed the landing, as Hamilton recalled in a 2009 interview with MIT. She did a stint as a What's My Line? Although Margaret planned to study abstract mathematics at Brandeis University, she accepted a job at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) while her husband attended Harvard Law School. The crowning mission, Apollo 11 in July 1969, saw Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descend all the way to the surface in the lunar module, safely return to the command module (piloted by Mike Collins) and make it home to Earth. Margaret Hamilton (educator) (1871-1969), American educator Margaret Hamilton (actress) (1902-1985), American film character actress Margaret Hamilton (software engineer) (born 1936), American software engineer Margaret Hamilton (publisher) (1941-2022), Australian publisher of children's literature In 1960, producer/director William Castle cast Hamilton as a housekeeper in his 13 Ghosts horror film, in which 12-year-old lead Charles Herbert's character taunts her about being a witch, including the final scene, in which she is holding a broom in her hand. Apollo 9 tested out the lunar module and command module together in Earth orbit for the first time, and then the two spacecraft were tested again in lunar orbit for Apollo 10. She notably wrote software for a program to identify enemy aircraft. It was intended to guide the spacecraft once they had achieved Earth orbit. When she reprised her role as the Wicked Witch in a 1976 episode of Sesame Street, "the show's producers were flooded with letters from parents saying it was too frightening for children. Her Gramercy Park neighbor Sybil Daneman reported that Hamilton loved children but they were often afraid to meet her because of her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz. When she was studying at Earlham College, she met James Hamilton. A former schoolteacher, she worked as a character actress in films for seven years before she was offered the role that defined her public image. She often remarked about children coming up to her and asking her why she had been so mean to Dorothy. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. I said to myself, 'Oh, boy, The Wizard of Oz! When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. At MIT, Margaret Hamilton was on the staff of the Draper Laboratory, founded in 1932 by Dr. Charles Stark Draper. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Because software was a mystery, a black box, upper management gave us total freedom and trust. Hamilton was cast after Gale Sondergaard, who was first considered for the role, albeit as a more glamorous witch with a musical scene, declined the role when the decision was made that the witch should appear ugly.[6]. Earlham College, Richmond. Would spoof her famous role of The Wicked Witch of The West in a 1976 Paul Lynde Halloween Special for television. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Margaret Hamilton (December 9, 1902 - May 16, 1985) was an American film actress known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. And there's always a funny reaction, like 'Ye gods, they wish they hadn't asked.' When asked about her experiences on the set of The Wizard of Oz, Hamilton said her biggest fear was that her monstrous film role would give children the wrong idea of who she really was. Anthony Oettinger,[53] Barry Boehm,[citation needed] and Hamilton have been credited with naming the discipline of "software engineering". Hamilton herself specifically concentrated on software to detect system errors and to recover information in a computer crash. (Apollo 13 aborted before landing due to an explosion in the command module's service area.). As she grew, she quickly developed a passion for mathematics and decided to work in this domain. '[8], Hamilton's stand-in and stunt double for the Witch, Betty Danko, also suffered an on-set accident on February 11, 1939. Mutual respect was across the board. As an adult, she worked on NASA's Apollo program, creating computer programs to guide spacecraft to and from the moon. She was severely burned during the "Surrender Dorothy!" In later years, Hamilton made frequent . But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. She soon transferred, however, to Earlham College in Indiana where she graduated with a bachelor's degree in mathematics, with a minor in philosophy. She grew up during a time when very few women studied computer science, but Hamilton knew she wanted to write code. What are the characteristics of the Solar System? Though only in her early '30s, the gloriously unpretty Hamilton subsequently . Her solution: when you see a priority display, first count to (196566; Hamilton had been offered the role of Grandmama, but turned it down. SAGE was soon developed for military use in anti-aircraft air defense. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. With the error addressed, the lunar landings for Apollos 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17 were made possible. 2003 Annual Report of the NASA Inventions and Contributions Board, 2003. ], She married Paul Boynton Meserve on June 13, 1931, and made her debut on the New York City stage the following year. [18] In 1979, she was a guest speaker at a University of Connecticut children's literature class. In 2009, she received the Outstanding Alumni Award by. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The company was developed around the Universal Language of Software Design Systems. For this Laboratory, she developed codes for new programming routines. In the 1940s and 1950s, Hamilton had a long-running role on the radio series Ethel and Albert (or The Couple Next Door) in which she played the lovable, scattered Aunt Eva (name later changed to Aunt Effie). She strove to work as much as possible to support herself and her son; she never put herself under contract to any one studio and priced her services at $1,000 ($18,800 with inflation[4]) a week.[5]. She was director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for NASA 's Apollo program. For her work, she was honored with the Presidential Medal. She loved and doted upon children all her life. skywriting sequence at the Emerald City. mystery guest on the popular Sunday night CBS-TV program. Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on Wed, 2022-06-01 07:53, By Maia Weinstock | MIT News Office Danko sat on a smoking pipe configured to look like the Witch's broomstick. Check out Margaret Hamilton's Bio Now She is best known for playing the Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz.In movies, she often played older, unmarried women from New England who was extremely practical but did not enjoy jokes. Discover today's celebrity birthdays and explore famous people who share your birthday. Hamilton was the recipient of various honours, including NASAs Exceptional Space Act Award (2003). JWST finds galaxies that shouldn't exist! [14] The SAGE Project was an extension of Project Whirlwind, started by MIT to create a computer system that could predict weather systems and track their movements using simulators. [4] However, in mid-1959, Hamilton began working for Edward Norton Lorenz, in the meteorology department at MIT. The original caption, she says, reads: Here, Margaret is shown standing beside listings of the software developed by her and the team she was in charge of, the LM [lunar module] and CM [command module] on-board flight software team.. It is ironic that her performance as the Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz (1939) was so scary to children, because her first job was as a kindergarten teacher. As Neil Armstrong was already preparing to bring the ship down, the computer started displaying two errors: error 1201 and error 1202. The mirrors at the Ivanpah plant were configured to create a picture of Hamilton and the Apollo 11 by moonlight. (Image credit: The White House via collectSPACE.com). )[citation needed]. However, once there, she preferred to accept work at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), as a software developer. She appeared, uncredited, in Joseph L. Mankiewicz's People Will Talk (1951) as Sarah Pickett. Looking back, we were the luckiest people in the world; there was no choice but to be pioneers.. [16][18] These made her code incredibly reliable because they helped programmers identify and fix anomalies before they became major problems.[26]. Searching to find out more about Margaret Hamilton? It meant that if Aldrin, say, hit a button on the priority display too quickly, he might still get a "normal" response. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, presented on November 22, 2016 by the President of the United States, for her brilliant work during the Apollo missions in the 1960s. Even adolescents. Hamilton was born in Cleveland, Ohio and practiced her craft doing children's theater while she was a Junior League of Cleveland member. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Your email address will not be published. Margaret Elaine Hamilton (born Heafield on August 17, 1936) is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner. Snyder, Lawrence and Henry, Ray Laura, "Fluency7 with Information Technology", Pearson, M. Hamilton, S. Zeldin (1976) "Higher order softwareA methodology for defining software". marriedcelebrity; April 19, 2019; Celebrity Gossip; Born as Margaret Heafield, she is an American system engineer, computer scientist and a woman entrepreneur as well. And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: community@space.com. For other people named Margaret Hamilton, see. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The content of the programs was printed on continuous paper and stored in large folders. The award included $37,200, the largest amount awarded to any individual in NASA's history. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. They had one son, Hamilton Wadsworth Meserve, whom she raised on her own. Hamilton never remarried. As a girl, Hamilton loved math and science. She was a distant cousin of Neil Hamilton, with whom she appeared in By Your Leave (1934). She later attended Hathaway Brown School in Shaker Heights, Ohio, and practiced acting doing children's theater while a Junior League of Cleveland member. We knew that. Hamilton costarred opposite Buster Keaton and Richard Cromwell in a 1940s spoof of the long-running local melodrama The Drunkard, titled The Villain Still Pursued Her. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Margaret-Hamilton-American-computer-scientist, Space.com - Margaret H. Hamilton: Apollo Computer Programmer, Wired - Her Code Got Humans on the Moon - And Invented Software Itself, Margaret Hamilton - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Margaret Hamilton - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), National Aeronautics and Space Administration. She became very concerned about the role's effect on children, and finally did a guest spot on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (1968) to explain that the Witch was just a character in the film, and not herself. Looking back, we were the luckiest people in the world; there was no choice but to be pioneers.. In the early 1960s Hamilton joined MITs Lincoln Laboratory, where she was involved in the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) project, the first U.S. air defense system. Margaret Hamilton, ne Margaret Heafield, (born August 17, 1936, Paoli, Indiana, U.S.), American computer scientist who was one of the first computer software programmers; she created the term software engineer to describe her work. From 1961 to 1963, she worked at MIT on an unknown aircraft trajectory tracking project. ", /system/people/detail_images/320_Margaret_Hamilton.jpg, /system/people/list_images/320_Margaret_Hamilton_320.jpg. Las mejores ofertas para THE ALEXANDER HAMILTON READER margaret esther hall - PAPERBACK estn en eBay Compara precios y caractersticas de productos nuevos y usados Muchos artculos con envo gratis! Four years later, she obtained the Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics at Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana (USA). It then sent out an alarm, which meant to the astronaut, 'I'm overloaded with more tasks than I should be doing at this time and I'm going to keep only the more important tasks'; i.e., the ones needed for landing Actually, the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions. Hamilton had prepared for just this situation years before: There was one other failsafe that Hamilton likes to remember. [36], Hamilton's priority alarm displays interrupted the astronauts' normal displays to warn them that there was an emergency "giving the astronauts a go/no go decision (to land or not to land)". She appeared in The Phil Silvers Show episode S2E20 Bilko Enters Politics (05 February 1957). She later attended Hathaway Brown School in Shaker Heights, Ohio, and practiced acting doing children's theater while a Junior League of Cleveland member. [23] This included error detection and recovery software such as restarts and the Display Interface Routines (also known as the Priority Displays), which Hamilton designed and developed. Margaret Brainard Hamilton (December 9, 1902 - May 16, 1985) was an American movie actress. The solution came from a young Margaret who assured the Mission Director that she could safely ignore the two error messages. [36], When Hamilton started using the term "software engineering" during the early Apollo missions,[57] software development was not taken seriously compared to other engineering,[58] nor was it regarded as a science. In reality, she cared deeply about children, frequently giving to charitable organizations. "Kindergarten Lost Margaret Hamilton." In the early 1970s, she joined the cast of another CBS soap opera, As the World Turns, on which she played Miss Peterson, Simon Gilbey's assistant. August 17, 2016. Hamilton left MIT in the mid-1970s to work in the private sector. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". For her work during this period, Hamilton has been credited with popularizing the concept of software engineering. The character is considered to be one of the screen's greatest and most memorable villains of all time. Journey for Margaret. [4][5] The family later moved to Michigan,[6] where Margaret graduated from Hancock High School in 1954. Opposite Bud Abbott and Lou Costello, she played a heavily made-up witch in Comin' Round the Mountain, where her character and Costello go toe-to-toe with voodoo dolls made of each other. She spent 11 days in hospital and her legs were permanently scarred. The Directors verdict reached Neil on the radio: GO, Go ahead, free. This overloaded the central processing unit during the landing, but fortunately, the software recovered in the heated moments before Apollo 11 touched down. She appeared regularly in supporting roles in films until the early 1950s and sporadically thereafter. Hamilton also toured in many plays and musicals, even repeating her role of the Wicked Witch in specially written stage productions of The Wizard of Oz. Credit: Courtesy MIT Museum Margaret Hamilton's Apollo Code A brief history of the famous 1969 photo of the software that sent humans to the Moon. One of the many contributors to this effort was Margaret Hamilton, a computer scientist who led the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which in 1961 contracted with NASA to develop the Apollo program's guidance system. Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! We had to find a way and we did. Dedication and commitment were a given. It was a memorable day when one of the most respected hardware gurus explained to everyone in a meeting that he agreed with me that the process of building software should also be considered an engineering discipline, just like with hardware. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. August 17, 2016. Margaret H. Hamilton is a computer scientist who was instrumental to NASA's efforts to land humans on the moon in the 1960s and 1970s. We have estimated Not because of his acceptance of the new 'term' per se, but because we had earned his and the acceptance of the others in the room as being in an engineering field in its own right. Half a century ago, MIT played a critical role in the development of the flight software for NASAs Apollo program, which landed humans on the Moon for the first time in 1969. Margaret Hamilton was born December 9, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio to Jennie and Walter Hamilton. They like to hear it but they 'don't' like to hear it. Hamilton, now an independent computer scientist, described for MIT News in 2009 her contributions to the Apollo software which last month was added in its entirety to the code-sharing site GitHub: From my own perspective, the software experience itself (designing it, developing it, evolving it, watching it perform and learning from it for future systems) was at least as exciting as the events surrounding the mission. She is a member of famous Actress with the age 83 years old group. Looking back, we were the luckiest people in the world; there was no choice but to be pioneers. During the 1960s and 1970s, Hamilton appeared regularly on television. Margaret Brainard Hamilton (December 9, 1902 May 16, 1985) was an American actress and educator. She later founded two software companiesHigher Order Software in 1976 and Hamilton Technologies in 1986, both in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Her crisp voice with rapid but clear enunciation was another trademark. Elizabeth's reporting includes multiple exclusives with the White House and Office of the Vice-President of the United States, an exclusive conversation with aspiring space tourist (and NSYNC bassist) Lance Bass, speaking several times with the International Space Station, witnessing five human spaceflight launches on two continents, working inside a spacesuit, and participating in a simulated Mars mission. [7][9] She cites Florence Long, the head of the math department at Earlham, as helping with her desire to pursue abstract mathematics and become a mathematics professor. In 1939, Hamilton played the role of the Wicked Witch of the West, opposite Judy Garland's Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz, creating not only her most famous role, but also one of the screen's most memorable villains. Margaret Hamilton was born December 9, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio, to Jennie (Adams) and Walter Hamilton. Houston! Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Principal Investigator, Magnetometer Instrument, Cassini Mission, This site is maintained by the Planetary Science Communications team at. Everything was done based on codes, so that they did not occupy too much space in the small memories of the computers, which were NOT made of silicon, but were housed in iron cores. On April 28, 2017, she received the Computer History Museum Fellow Award, which honors exceptional men and women whose computing ideas have changed the world. [63] Hamilton's innovations go beyond the feats of playing an important role in getting humans to the Moon. Her most visible appearances during this period were as general store owner, Cora, in a national series of television commercials for Maxwell House coffee. Margaret Hamiltons income source is mostly from being a successful Actress. Margaret Hamilton Biography Margaret Hamilton was born in Cleveland, Ohio on December 9, 1902, the youngest of four children and obtained her teaching certificate in 1923 from the Wheelock . [2010]. Margaret Hamilton, the actress whose role as the cackling Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz unnerved generations of children, died yesterday, apparently of a heart attack, at a nursing home in Salisbury, Connecticut. Elizabeth is also a post-secondary instructor in communications and science since 2015. There was no second chance. Phil Davis Mastodon: https://qoto.org/@howellspace. In The Paul Lynde Halloween Special (1976), she portrayed Lynde's housekeeper, reprising the Wicked Witch role, as well as introducing Lynde to the rock group Kiss. She also published six books. NY 10036. Looking back, we were the luckiest people in the world; there was no choice but to be pioneers. Margaret Hamilton, ne Margaret Heafield, (born August 17, 1936, Paoli, Indiana, U.S.), American computer scientist who was one of the first computer software programmers; she created the term software engineer to describe her work. ..and your little dog, too!" 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Hamilton, M.; Hackler, W. R. (2004). Thompson, Arthur A.; Strickland, A. J., (1996), "Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases", Last edited on 26 February 2023, at 16:40, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, "001: A Full Life Cycle Systems Engineering and Software Development Environment", Universal Systems Language for Preventative Systems Engineering, A Formal Universal Systems Semantics for SysML, Universal Systems Language: Lessons Learned from Apollo, "President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom", "Former Earlham Student Had Role in Moon Flight", "2009 Outstanding Alumni and Distinguished Service Awards", "The Woman Who Taught Me Margaret Hamilton MAKERS Moment", "Margaret Hamilton: The Untold Story of the Woman Who Took Us to the Moon", "The statistical prediction of solutions of dynamic equations", "AGC Conference 1: Margaret Hamilton's introduction", "Scene at MIT: Margaret Hamilton's Apollo code", "NASA Engineers and Scientists-Transforming Dreams Into Reality", The History of Apollo On-board Guidance, Navigation, and Control, Keyboard and Display Program and Operation, "Moon landing memories:'Apollo 11 changed civilisation and I had a part in it', "Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer", "Computer Got Loaded, letter to the editor of Datamation", Higher Order Software Evaluation and Critique, "Federal User Offers Free CAD/CAM Software", "And/Or Programs: A New Approach to Structured Programming", "Overview of Hamilton Technologies, Inc. (HTI) 001", "ICSE 2018 Plenary Sessions Margaret Hamilton", "What to Know About the Scientist who Invented the Term "Software Engineering", "NASA Engineers and Scientists Transforming Dreams Into Reality", "Margaret Hamilton: 2017 Fellow Biography", "Margaret Hamilton, the Engineer Who Took the Apollo to the Moon", "Her code got humans on the moon and invented software itself", "Software and a Woman at the Heart of Lunar Triumph", "A moonlit tribute to a moon landing icon", "Honour for software writer on Apollo moon mission", "White House honors two of tech's female pioneers", "Margaret Hamilton Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom", "The 2017 Fellow Award Acceptance Speech", "Lego's 'Women of NASA' toy set is finally on sale and it's already Amazon's best-selling toy", "Investiture of scientist Margaret Hamilton as an honorary doctor of the UPC", "Margaret Hamilton Accepts 2019 Washington Award Nomination", "Bard College - 2019 Honorary Degree Recipients", "Margaret Hamilton's sister shares her memories as Seattle's seniors celebrate the 50th anniversary of the moon landing", "James Cox Hamilton, at 77; lawyer was quiet warrior for First Amendment", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Hamilton_(software_engineer)&oldid=1141753509. Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 1958. Even with her extensive film career, Hamilton took roles in whatever medium she could get if she was free, making her soap opera debut as the nasty Mrs. Sayre on Valiant Lady, who schemed to prevent her daughter from marrying the heroine's son. more information Accept. [47] In 1980, British-Israeli computer scientist David Harel published a proposal for a structured programming language derived from HOS from the viewpoint of and/or subgoals. margaret-hamilton-bio-wiki-age-family-net-worth-height-nationality-and-facts.html. Three minutes before the lunar lander reached the Moon's surface, several computer alarms were triggered. She appeared on Broadway in the musical Goldilocks opposite Don Ameche and Elaine Stritch, gave a lighter touch to the domineering Parthy Anne Hawks in the 1966 revival of Show Boat (dancing with David Wayne), and was the tender Aunt Eller in the 1968 Lincoln Center revival of Oklahoma!. Hamilton spent six weeks recovering from the incident and refused to do any more fire-related stunts on the film set. five.[28]. They married in the late 1950s, after she graduated in mathematics. In one of the critical moments of the Apollo 11 mission, the Apollo Guidance Computer, together with the on-board flight software, averted an abort of the landing on the Moon. In 1954, she graduated from Thomas Hancock High School in Minnesota. She helped write the computer code for the command and lunar modules used on the Apollo missions to the Moon in the late 1960s and early 70s. [4] She studied mathematics at the University of Michigan in 1955 before transferring to Earlham College, where her mother was a student;[7][8] she earned a BA in mathematics with a minor in philosophy in 1958. Margaret Hamilton was born in 1936 in the United States. Guest in the House. We had to find a way and we did. 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