b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. 156. a. Neurotransmitters are released. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. b. exposure Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. bodily sensations. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. b. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. Bertha (Anna O.) If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. The axon sends signals/information to neighboring neurons while the dendrites, which resemble little trees, receive information from neighboring neurons. The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. 2.2.3.2. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). 58. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. In Module 3, we will discuss diagnosing and classifying abnormal behavior from the perspective of the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text-Revision). Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. d. create an ideal set of genes. a. gestalt 102. 77. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. 128. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? b. early childhood trauma. This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. Mason's parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. 44. But before these diagnostic categories We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. a. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. b. social factors leading to stress. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. If this is true, how can we know anything about controversial matters? Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. 61. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: a. challenging irrational cognitions. We will cover this process in three parts. More on that over the next two sections. To effectively treat a mental disorder, we must understand its cause. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. According to the cognitive-behavioral model, this is an example of _____ behavior. It is difficult to research this perspective. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. 2.2.2.2. Psychology Chapter 13 Flashcards - Easy Notecards a. psychodynamic A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). d. lend itself easily to research. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. b. biological. c. manifest content. 2.3.4. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. a. disengaged b. neglectful c. enmeshed d. belittling. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. 37. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. d. psychoanalytic therapy. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. b. humanistic. Check out Figure 2.10 to see if you do. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? d. modifying the clients negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. 31. The Structure of the Nervous System. Describe commonly used treatments for mental illness. Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. Biological Treatments for Psychological Abnormalities A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. c. role-playing. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. b. insight. b. brain stimulation. c. role-playing. This begs the question of how we can really know that they exist. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? Treatment starts with determining situations in which assertiveness is lacking and developing a hierarchy of assertiveness opportunities. c. operant conditioning. Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. This is called the, Step 5 After a short time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so. 103. During a meeting, Shondas manager asks her to free associate about her coworkers performance. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. None of the models are complete within themselves. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. b. ego. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? 95. b. behavior-focused therapists. c. Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. a. modeling. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. "That's all right. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. c. cognitive d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. What is that factor? Notice that preconditioning has both an A and a B panel. It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. The brain. Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: a. biological. a. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. Medical Model of Mental Health in Psychology 52. Their self-concept becomes distorted, now seen as having worth only when these significant others approve, leading to a disharmonious state and psychopathology. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. 143. 80. c. cognitive-behavioral MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. b. genetic mutations. Finally, does uncertainty always lead to a negative end? Solved which statement about catergorical vs dimensions | Chegg.com Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. c. ego. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? They were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. d. displacement. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict. The pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle while the thyroid gland regulates the bodys energy levels by controlling metabolism and the basal metabolic rate (BMR). First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. 116. c. emphasize health. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. c. The receiving neurons fire. In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. b. 2.2.1.2. d. libido. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. Irrational thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. What if? During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. Chapter 3 Flashcards by Burton Dwight | Brainscape The structure of personality. d. fixation. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. Evaluating the cognitive model. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. Simply, she placed the child in one end of a room and then brought in the rabbit. The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. c. superego. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model d. disengaged. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. a. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? 2.3.1.5. For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. 12. Bacterial and viral infections. This person is an A student but does not like being right under the nose of the professor, especially if he/she tends to spit when lecturing. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. 134. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. d. classical conditioning. Techniques might include weighing the pros and cons of fighting uncertainty or change. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. b. cultural. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. Hypnosis was used at first and relieved her symptoms, as it had done for many patients (See Module 1). c. psychoanalytic theory. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? b. prevention. 115. How so? 2.2.1.5. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. a. existential 64. Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). Why is this? They would salivate at the sound of a bell, footsteps in the hall, a tuning fork, or the presence of a lab assistant. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness.
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